【簡(jiǎn)介:】本篇文章給大家談?wù)劇度A盛頓國(guó)家航空航天博物館》對(duì)應(yīng)的知識(shí)點(diǎn),希望對(duì)各位有所幫助。本文目錄一覽:
1、華盛頓航空航天博物館門票需要預(yù)約嗎
2、美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天博物館是什
本篇文章給大家談?wù)劇度A盛頓國(guó)家航空航天博物館》對(duì)應(yīng)的知識(shí)點(diǎn),希望對(duì)各位有所幫助。
本文目錄一覽:
- 1、華盛頓航空航天博物館門票需要預(yù)約嗎
- 2、美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天博物館是什么時(shí)候建成的?
- 3、華盛頓 航空航天博物館 英文介紹
- 4、美國(guó)華盛頓旅游景點(diǎn)
- 5、美國(guó)登月是不是騙局
- 6、美國(guó)國(guó)家航空和航天博物館有什么樣的歷史?
華盛頓航空航天博物館門票需要預(yù)約嗎
不需要,因?yàn)槟抢锊挥瞄T票,免費(fèi)入場(chǎng)。
不過有一些項(xiàng)目的門票(比如電影和飛行模擬器)可以在其官網(wǎng)上購(gòu)買,但是現(xiàn)場(chǎng)去排隊(duì)買票是完全可以的。
美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天博物館是什么時(shí)候建成的?
1976年7月開館的美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天博物館,是史密森氏學(xué)會(huì)創(chuàng)建的眾多博物館之一,也是全世界首屈一指的有關(guān)飛行的專題博物館。座落在美國(guó)首都華盛頓的東南方,每月接待觀眾達(dá)10萬之多,第1年的參觀人數(shù)超過1000萬人次,創(chuàng)美國(guó)各博物館最高紀(jì)錄。它是目前世界上最大的飛行博物館,是由玻璃、大理石和鋼材構(gòu)成的現(xiàn)代化建筑。
華盛頓 航空航天博物館 英文介紹
The Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum maintains the largest collection of historic air and spacecraft in the world. It is also a vital center for research into the history, science, and technology of aviation and space flight, as well as planetary science and terrestrial geology and geophysics.
The Museum has two display facilities. The National Mall building in Washington, D.C. has hundreds of artifacts on display including the original Wright 1903 Flyer, the Spirit of St. Louis, the Apollo 11 command module, and a lunar rock sample that visitors can touch. The Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center displays many more artifacts including the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird, Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay and Space Shuttle Enterprise.
The Museum currently conducts restoration of its collection at the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility in Suitland, MD. For years, this facility also displayed many of the Museum's artifacts kept in storage. Only guided tours allowed access to this portion of the collection. The new Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center displays most of the aircraft and spacecraft previously stored at Garber, many never seen before in a museum setting. The Center will also eventually become the Museum's primary artifact restoration facility.
The National Air and Space Museum offers a variety of free educational programs for school groups and organized youth groups. Here you will find information on educational activities at the Museum as well as resources provided for classroom learning.
The National Air and Space Museum on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. has hundreds of original, historic artifacts on display, including the Wright 1903 Flyer; the Spirit of St. Louis; the Apollo 11 command module Columbia; and a Lunar rock sample that visitors can touch.
The Museum offers 22 exhibition galleries, the Lockheed Martin Imax Theater, flight simulators, a three-level Museum shop, and a food-court-style restaurant. Docent tours, daily free educational programs, and school group tours and activities are also available.
The Albert Einstein Planetarium presents two shows daily: Cosmic Collisions launches visitors on a thrilling trip through space in a spectacular immersive theater experience. The Stars Tonight offers a relaxing journey through the current night sky. (Varying schedules.)
A favorite gallery for children is How Things Fly - the place for hands-on action including fascinating science demonstrations; paper airplane contests; and 50 exciting interactive devices.
Experience the early history of the airplane - from some of the earliest notions of flying through the first decade of powered flight - in the Early Flight gallery.
Visitors can get a close-up view of the original 1903 Wright Flyer and 170 other related artifacts in The Wright Brothers The Invention of the Aerial Age. After the exhibition closes, the Flyer will be returned to its usual hanging position in the Milestones of Flight gallery.
The history of human space exploration is detailed in two exhibitions. To learn about the American and Soviet competition, visit Space Race, where artifacts on display include the V2 ballistic missile, a full-size Hubble Space Telescope test vehicle, and the backup Skylab space station that visitors can walk through.
The story of America's effort to land a human on the Moon is told in Apollo to the Moon, where the original space suits worn by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the Moon are on display.
The Museum on the National Mall also features several exhibitions covering Earth and planetary studies. Looking at Earth shows visitors how views of our planet from above have helped us to better understand the Earth. Examples of satellite imagery and aerial photography are on display.
Exploring the Planets highlights the history and achievements of planetary explorations, both Earth-based and by spacecraft. On display here is a full-scale replica of the Voyager spacecraft which traveled to the outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
Explore the Universe demonstrates the various methods used by humankind to observe the skies throughout the ages, starting with the naked eye, through telescopes, and finally into the digital age.
Exploring the Planets highlights the history and achievements of planetary explorations, both Earth-based and by spacecraft. On display here is a full-scale replica of the Voyager spacecraft which traveled to the outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
Explore the Universe demonstrates the various methods used by humankind to observe the skies throughout the ages, starting with the naked eye, through telescopes, and finally into the digital age.
For details about the many other exhibits at the Museum, click here.
In 2001, the National Air and Space Museum celebrated its 25th anniversary. See the Timeline for a chronology of all major events in the Museum's history. For more facts and figures about the downtown museum, please see the Museum's press kit; for a complete list of the Museum's exhibitions, please see the Exhibitions page.
Begin planning your visit to the Museum on the National Mall, or learn about the National Air and Space Museum's two other sites by selecting from the menu on the left.
維基百科上的:
The National Air and Space Museum (NASM) of the Smithsonian Institution is a museum in Washington, D.C., United States, and is the most popular of the Smithsonian museums. It maintains the largest collection of aircraft and spacecraft in the world.[citation needed] It is also a vital center for research into the history, science, and technology of aviation and spaceflight, as well as planetary science and terrestrial geology and geophysics.[citation needed] Almost all space and aircraft on display are originals or backup crafts to the originals.
Because of the museum site's close proximity to the United States Capitol, the Smithsonian Institution wanted a building that would be architecturally impressive but would not stand out too boldly against the Capitol Building. St. Louis-based architect Gyo Obata of Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum accepted the challenge and designed the museum as four simple marble-encased cubes containing the smaller and more theatrical exhibits, connected by three spacious steel-and-glass atria which house the larger exhibits such as missiles, airplanes and spacecraft. The massing of the museum echoes the National Gallery of Art across the National Mall, and uses the same pink Tennessee marble as the National Gallery.[1] Built by Gilbane Building Company, the museum was completed in 1976. The west glass wall of the building is used for the installation of airplanes, functioning as a giant door.[2]
Restoration facility
Main article: Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility
The museum's total collection numbers over 30,000 aviation-related and 9,000 space-related artifacts, and is thus larger than will fit in the main hall. Many of the aircraft are at the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility , also sometimes referred to as the "Silver Hill facility", in Suitland-Silver Hill, Maryland. The facility was acquired by the Smithsonian Institution in 1952 as a storage location for the growing collection of aircraft. It is named for Paul E. Garber, former curator of the collection, and it consists of 32 buildings.
The facility once was open for touring, but all exhibition items are being moved to the museum annex.
[edit] Other facilities
The Museum's archives are divided between the main exhibition building on the Mall and the Garber facility in Suitland. The collections include personal and professional papers, corporate records, and other collections assembled by topic.
The Museum includes the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies (CEPS), which conducts geological and geophysical research related to all the planets in the solar system. CEPS participates in programs that involve remote-sensing satellites and unmanned probes.
The museum also has a research library, at the site of the main museum building.
[edit] History
Wright Flyer hanging in the museum in 1982Originally called the National Air Museum when it was formed on August 12, 1946 by an act of Congress,[3][4] some pieces in the National Air and Space Museum collection date back to the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia after which the Chinese Imperial Commission donated a group of kites to the Smithsonian. The Stringfellow steam engine intended for aircraft was accessioned into the collection in 1889, the first piece actively acquired by the Smithsonian now in the current NASM collection.
After the establishment of the museum, there was no one building that could hold all the items to be displayed. Some pieces were on display in the Arts and Industries Building, some were stored in a shed in the Smithsonian's South Yard that came to be known as the "Air and Space Building", and the larger missiles and rockets were displayed outdoors in "Rocket Row."
The combination of the large numbers of aircraft donated to the Smithsonian after World War II and the need for hangar and factory space for the Korean War drove the Smithsonian to look for its own facility to store and restore aircraft. The current Garber Facility was ceded to the Smithsonian by the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission in 1952 after the curator Paul E. Garber spotted the wooded area from the air. Bulldozers from Fort Belvoir and prefabricated buildings from the United States Navy kept the initial costs low.
The space race in the 1950s and 1960s led to the renaming of the Museum to the "National Air and Space Museum", and finally congressional passage of appropriations for the construction of the new exhibition hall[citation needed], which opened July 1, 1976 at the height of the United States Bicentennial festivities. The Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center opened in 2003, funded by a private donation.
The museum will receive several artifacts, including a former camera, from the Hubble Space Telescope that were taken to Earth after the May 2009 space shuttle mission STS-125 that extended the life of the telescope
[edit] Directors
Carl W. Mitman was the first head of the museum, under the title of Assistant to the Secretary for the National Air Museum, heading the museum from 1946 until his retirement from the Smithsonian in 1952.[5]
The following have been, or acted as, Director of the museum:
Philip S. Hopkins, 1958-1964[5]
S. Paul Johnston, 1964-1969[5]
Frank A. Taylor (acting), 1969-1971[5]
Michael Collins, 1971-1978;[6]
Melvin B. Zisfein (acting), 1978-1979[6]
Noel W. Hinners, 1979-1982[6]
Walter J. Boyne (acting 1982–1983, director 1983-1986)[6]
James C. Tyler (acting), 1986-1987[6]
Martin O. Harwit, 1987-1995[6]
Donald D. Engen, 1996-1999[7]
John R. Dailey, 2000-present[7]
[edit] Controversies
Controversy erupted in 1994 over a proposed exhibit commemorating the atomic bombing of Japan on its 50th anniversary. The centerpiece of the exhibit was the Enola Gay, the B-29 bomber that dropped the A-bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Veterans’ groups, backed by some Congressmen, argued strongly that the exhibit’s inclusion of Japanese accounts and photographs of victims insulted airmen.[8] Also disputed was the predicted number of fatal US casualties that would have resulted from an invasion of Japan, had that been necessary. In the end, the museum’s director, Martin O. Harwit, was forced to resign, and the exhibit was radically reduced to “the most diminished display in Smithsonian history." [9]
Scientific clarity
Throughout the museum's displays, the Air and Space Museum presents all thrust levels for rocket and jet engines in mass units (kilograms or pounds) rather than force units (newtons or pounds-force). This usage is at odds with common scientific/engineering practice presented in NASA SP 7012.
看到你這個(gè)比較晚,耽誤LZ了,不好意思呀
美國(guó)華盛頓旅游景點(diǎn)
美國(guó)歷史博物館
從華盛頓紀(jì)念碑往國(guó)會(huì)山方向走,草坪左手側(cè)是一排博物館,最先看到的就是美國(guó)歷史博物館。這里收藏了美國(guó)建國(guó)以來到今天各個(gè)歷史時(shí)期的重要文物,為了發(fā)揚(yáng)愛國(guó)主義精神,這里每天早上開門之前先奏一遍國(guó)歌lol.
大多博物館進(jìn)門的時(shí)候都有安檢,手提包背包要打開接受查看,在這個(gè)國(guó)家歷史博物館還有掃描通道,食物和飲水是允許帶入的,但不能在館內(nèi)吃喝。大家都知道美國(guó)國(guó)歌The Star-spangled Banner是在巴爾的摩Fort McHenry戰(zhàn)役后譜寫的,當(dāng)時(shí)被打得千瘡百孔的星條旗仍高高飄揚(yáng)在碉堡上空,這面具有重大歷史意義的國(guó)旗如今成為了美國(guó)歷史博物館的鎮(zhèn)館之寶。很多觀光客感興趣的展廳包括了911和美國(guó)總統(tǒng)主題的展區(qū)。
2
自然歷史國(guó)家博物館
美國(guó)有不少著名的自然歷史博物館,像是紐約的American Museum of Natural History,但只有華盛頓這個(gè)屬于史密斯學(xué)院的才被冠以National Museum的稱謂。這個(gè)博物館成立于1910年,是史密斯學(xué)院較早的博物館之一,到今天一共有1.5 million square feet的巨大面積,18個(gè)足球場(chǎng)大小相當(dāng),收藏的樣本包括植物,動(dòng)物,化石,礦物,巖石,隕石和人類cultural artifact等。
"最威"的是這里還聘用了185位Natural History方面的科學(xué)家組成科研團(tuán)隊(duì),這在世界范圍內(nèi)其它自然歷史博物館也是很少見的。提到這個(gè)博物館不得不提是大家估計(jì)都看過的《博物館奇妙夜》正是在這里拍攝的。這部電影也是讓該博物館首次開放電影的實(shí)景拍攝,不過博物館"很威"的要求了電影團(tuán)隊(duì),只能使用正常的開放時(shí)間拍攝,而且也不能包場(chǎng),必須面對(duì)游客們的圍觀lol
3
國(guó)家航空航天博物館
對(duì)于電影迷來說,最不能錯(cuò)過的就是美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天博物館,因?yàn)槟銈円欢催^甚至超愛《變形金剛2》吧!它正是使這個(gè)博物館聲名大噪的經(jīng)典電影!
美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天博物館坐落在華盛頓國(guó)家大草坪東部南側(cè),館區(qū)包括第四街到第七街間的3個(gè)街區(qū)。
從1976年開放以來,每年參觀者都超過一千萬人次。航空航天博物館成立于1946年成立,現(xiàn)在是世界上藏品規(guī)模最大的航空航天博物館,展覽面積15000平方米,收藏有各個(gè)歷史時(shí)期的飛行器,有一部分的展示,都是真正在美國(guó)服役過的飛機(jī)。
航空航天博物館除了華盛頓分館外,在佛吉尼亞州還有另一個(gè)分館--烏德瓦·哈茲中心(Udvar-Hazy Center),是2003年開始對(duì)外展覽的71,000平方米的大型博物館。是目前世界上最大的航空航天類博物館,與華盛頓分館不同的是,由于不受場(chǎng)地大小的限制,偌大的展廳展出了大量的完整的飛機(jī),例如退役了的美國(guó)空軍飛機(jī)(Air Force)。
在這里特別還要介紹的是,電影《變形金剛》中原本屬于狂派后來轉(zhuǎn)為博派的,遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代就來到地球的變形金剛"天火"就是用這里的飛機(jī)"黑鳥"(Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird)進(jìn)行拍攝的。對(duì)于航空航天愛好者們,這也是非常值得一看的博物館。
有人說全美最大的麥當(dāng)勞餐廳,就在華盛頓航空航天博物館內(nèi),光是點(diǎn)餐口就有20多個(gè),到了中午排隊(duì)就餐的游客會(huì)非常浩蕩壯觀!一眼望去,絕對(duì)是漢堡吃貨的天堂!不過,這里不可以使用其他地方發(fā)的優(yōu)惠券哦!誰讓人家是全美最大呢!
美國(guó)登月是不是騙局
阿波羅登月計(jì)劃是場(chǎng)騙局嗎?
一位美國(guó)教授引發(fā)的網(wǎng)上大辯論
·肯定騙局論
·否定騙局論
近年來,越來越多的美國(guó)人都對(duì)“阿波羅登月計(jì)劃”這一壯舉產(chǎn)生了懷疑。據(jù)美國(guó)一家權(quán)威的社會(huì)調(diào)查機(jī)構(gòu)統(tǒng)計(jì):竟有約2500萬美國(guó)人認(rèn)為:所謂美國(guó)人先后6次登上月球,是美國(guó)國(guó)家航天航空局(NASA)制造有一科技發(fā)展史上空前的大騙局。
曾在阿波羅計(jì)劃中工作過的比爾·凱恩教授,最近寫了一本名為《我們從未登上月球》的書,書中對(duì)阿波羅登月計(jì)劃列舉了以下一些重大疑點(diǎn):
1.沒有大氣折射的月球上看星星應(yīng)該更加明亮清晰,可許多所謂“登月照片”的太空背景上卻看不到一顆星。
2.登月飛船降落時(shí),火箭發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的巨大推力應(yīng)在粉塵遍地的月球表面留下明顯的痕跡,而在照片中卻看不到。
3.在一些照片上,近景與遠(yuǎn)景之間有一條不易察覺的線,使人聯(lián)想到電影特技中的“褪光描畫”法,即畫出遠(yuǎn)景再運(yùn)用光與影來遮掩。
如果登月飛行是假的話,那是用什么手段來瞞住全世界數(shù)億電視觀眾的呢?比爾·凱恩認(rèn)為:載有宇航員的火箭確實(shí)發(fā)射了,但目標(biāo)不是月球,而是人跡罕至的南極,在那里指令艙彈出火箭,并被軍用飛機(jī)回收,隨后宇航員在地球上的實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)表演登月過程,隨后進(jìn)入指令艙,并被投入太平洋,完成整個(gè)所謂的登月過程。
比爾凱恩教授的這本書公開出版后,在美國(guó)引起了社會(huì)各界人事和學(xué)術(shù)界權(quán)威的強(qiáng)烈反響,一場(chǎng)關(guān)于“阿波羅登月計(jì)劃”是否是一場(chǎng)騙局的大辯論就此在美國(guó)各地轟轟烈烈地展開。而且,這場(chǎng)大辯論已經(jīng)借助互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在全球范圍廣泛進(jìn)行。筆者花了近一個(gè)月的時(shí)間在網(wǎng)上了解辯論中立雙方的大致觀點(diǎn),并加以整理匯總后在公布出來.
·肯定騙局論
主要代表是美學(xué)術(shù)界著名物理學(xué)教授哈姆雷特,他認(rèn)為美國(guó)阿波羅登月造假的依據(jù)有:
一、阿波羅登月照片純屬偽造
他根據(jù)阿波羅11號(hào)飛船登月,人在月面時(shí)所拍攝照片上的陰影計(jì)算的太陽入射角和NASA所公布的宇航員在月面活動(dòng)時(shí)間、坐標(biāo)點(diǎn)與月相周期比較發(fā)現(xiàn)有明顯不符之處。如他說:“以阿波羅11號(hào)飛船為例,登月點(diǎn)是在月球上的靜海,東經(jīng)23.5度,北緯零點(diǎn)6度,從地球發(fā)射時(shí)間是69年7月16日格林威治標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)間13點(diǎn)32分,在月球上的艙外活動(dòng)時(shí)間約兩個(gè)半小時(shí),是從第109小時(shí)7分33秒到第111小時(shí)39分13秒。通過計(jì)算,我發(fā)現(xiàn):太陽光與月面間的入射角只有6度到7度,幾乎是緊貼地平線的。但是阿波羅11那張美國(guó)國(guó)旗插上月球的照片顯示,陽光入射角大約有近30度,差得太遠(yuǎn)了。而阿波羅11在艙外活動(dòng)拍照時(shí)間總共才兩個(gè)多小時(shí),太陽光入射角度應(yīng)該只升高了1度左右,這照片中出現(xiàn)的陰影夾角應(yīng)該是在“跨出一步”后46小時(shí)才可能到。”
(注:這里提供一點(diǎn)基本信息供有興趣的朋友作參考,有關(guān)月相查詢的情況可以從這個(gè)網(wǎng)頁查到:
;阿波羅11號(hào)飛船登月的網(wǎng)址:)
二、阿波羅登月的錄像帶在地球上攝制
對(duì)阿波羅登月的錄像分析,哈姆雷特認(rèn)為:“月球上重力是地球的六分之一。即使全副武裝起來的宇航員也不過只有六十英磅重。應(yīng)該輕易地比地球上跳得六倍高或六倍遠(yuǎn).從錄像上看宇航員充其量跳離地面三到四英寸,不到一米遠(yuǎn)。這不是很有問題嗎?有人把這些鏡頭放快了二點(diǎn)五倍的速度重放,一切就都正常了,象是在地球上那套裝備跳躍應(yīng)該有的速度、高度、距離和節(jié)奏。根據(jù)鏡頭速度放慢到二分之一,加速度就變成了四分之一??上н@樣處理的結(jié)果,宇航員的力氣也同時(shí)變成六分之一了。真登月的話,宇航員在月亮上,他的大腿應(yīng)該和地球上一樣有力。”
三、月面根本沒有安裝激光反射器
他指出激光反射器是阿波羅登月造假的另外一個(gè)有力證據(jù)。他說:“激光束照到月球上時(shí),發(fā)散到一個(gè)直徑達(dá)七公里的大光束,再反射回到地球上時(shí),光束達(dá)到二十公里直徑。根據(jù)我看到的那個(gè)反射鏡在月球上的照片估計(jì),頂多不過五分之一平方米大小。好,現(xiàn)在請(qǐng)你計(jì)算,按照最優(yōu)條件,即鏡子完全垂直于光束,反射率達(dá)到百分之百。原始光束有百分之多少可以被鏡子截收并反射回來?這個(gè)反射回來的光束到地球后有二十公里大小的粗細(xì)。假設(shè)你的接收裝置的截面是一平方米,原始光線有多少最后被你接收?不算不知道,一算嚇一跳??!你會(huì)很快得知,地球上激光反射器發(fā)射回來而接收。其實(shí),真正的激光反射器是月亮本身,因月地之間的距離遙遠(yuǎn),月球本身完全可以實(shí)現(xiàn)鏡面反射。
四、阿波羅計(jì)劃工程進(jìn)展速度可疑
登月用的土星五火箭,功率巨大無比,遠(yuǎn)超過現(xiàn)代的任何火箭和現(xiàn)代航天飛機(jī),為什么現(xiàn)在棄而不用了?據(jù)說連圖紙都沒有保存下來,這怎么可能。其實(shí),美國(guó)從來就沒有搞出過什么地球空間站,到現(xiàn)在都沒有合適的運(yùn)載工具把一個(gè)空間站送上地球軌道,現(xiàn)代航天飛機(jī)也只不過一次把不超過二十噸的零碎有效載荷送入地球低軌道。土星五火箭是六十年代搞出來的,據(jù)說能輕而易舉把一百噸以上載荷送上地球軌道,將幾十噸物體推出地球重力圈,用來發(fā)射空間站應(yīng)該是輕而易舉的事。如果圖紙還在的話,應(yīng)該很容易用現(xiàn)代電腦技術(shù)和其它高新技術(shù)改進(jìn),造出更加有效強(qiáng)大的火箭,為什么不用?NASA辯解說土星五成本太高,騙小孩還可以。美國(guó)從六七年到七二年,一口氣造出了17枚土星五,從阿波羅1號(hào)一直到阿波羅17號(hào),17枚土星五火箭的發(fā)射據(jù)說都無一失敗。這樣的高可靠性的火箭,能一氣造出十七個(gè)說明它并不貴,為什么突然棄而不用了?
再者,登月艙也很成問題,把一個(gè)物體射到月球上還容易一些,可再要從月球上發(fā)射出來就沒那么容易了。有沒有足夠燃料使其到達(dá)月球軌道速度,即每秒時(shí)速達(dá)到一點(diǎn)七公里以上?登月時(shí)火箭持續(xù)燃燒了兩次,一次是三十秒,減速脫離月球軌道并下降,另一次長(zhǎng)達(dá)十二分鐘,以抗衡月球重力(我知道是地球的六分之一?。?,直到實(shí)現(xiàn)軟著陸??傻窃屡撨€能有足夠燃料再?gòu)脑虑蛏习l(fā)射升空嗎?土星五火箭的初級(jí)燃料是煤油和液氧,而二級(jí)、三級(jí)和登月飛船的燃料都用液氫和液氧。最初的阿波羅飛船從發(fā)射到月球再?gòu)脑虑蛏习l(fā)射回來,時(shí)間長(zhǎng)達(dá)五天。到以后幾次阿波羅飛船登月,在月球上停留的時(shí)間更長(zhǎng),從發(fā)射到回程的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)達(dá)八天,在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)如何使作為登月艙燃料的液氫始終保持在超冷狀態(tài),這是一個(gè)很困難的技術(shù)問題,可美國(guó)宇航局從來沒有講該怎么解決這一難題!”
另外,從阿波羅飛船研制到登月成功這段歷史來看最大的疑點(diǎn)是工程進(jìn)展的神速,這以美國(guó)當(dāng)時(shí)的國(guó)力來衡量,也是不可想象的。特別是要注意的是,一直到1967年1月,第一枚土星五火箭剛剛研制出來,才剛要做第一次發(fā)射試驗(yàn)(即阿波羅1號(hào)),就不幸于當(dāng)年的1月27日在作登月艙充純氧試驗(yàn)時(shí),因電線碰擦引起大火,5分鐘
之后營(yíng)救人員才打開艙門,三個(gè)最優(yōu)秀的宇航員都已被燃燒所產(chǎn)生的劇毒氣體熏死了。隨后進(jìn)行事故調(diào)查,火箭的所有硬件線路重新設(shè)計(jì),登月艙也做了許多重新的改進(jìn),僅此一項(xiàng)事故,登月計(jì)劃的實(shí)施就被迫延后18個(gè)月,怎么可能到1969年7月,這么短的時(shí)間,就一次登月成功呢?
早在1965年,美國(guó)宇航局就發(fā)現(xiàn);登月艙采用純氧方案有嚴(yán)重安全弊端,不宜采用,多次試驗(yàn)證明,在純氧艙室里,電器開關(guān)摩擦的火花極易引起大火,而且根本無法撲救。采用純氧可以減少登月艙壓強(qiáng),并且設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)單,可是出于安全考慮還是采用氮氧二元?dú)獾脑O(shè)計(jì)。這大大增加了設(shè)計(jì)難度,因?yàn)橐捎猛瑫r(shí)控制兩種氣體的壓強(qiáng)和比率的設(shè)備,僅此登月艙就增加了一噸的重量。問題在于,為什么到了1967年,還堅(jiān)持做儀器帶電工作的純氧試驗(yàn),并且讓宇航員坐在里面,而非一般試驗(yàn)人員?明知道這樣很危險(xiǎn),還要強(qiáng)行實(shí)驗(yàn),這就令人懷疑是宇航員不肯合作參與造假計(jì)劃而被謀殺的。
·否定騙局論
主要代表是在美國(guó)攻讀生化博士的方舟子先生。他認(rèn)為“阿波羅登月計(jì)劃”不可能造假:
因?yàn)樵撚?jì)劃當(dāng)時(shí)是在全球?qū)崨r轉(zhuǎn)播,近億人親眼目睹。另外,美國(guó)宇航員還從月球上帶回了一些實(shí)物,比如說巖石。再說,幾萬科技工程人員參與的大規(guī)模計(jì)劃,那么容易做假嗎?另外,方舟子指出:“哈姆雷特聲稱用中學(xué)物理常識(shí)稍加思考就可以斷定阿波羅登月是騙局,這是不夠嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)?。比如他說因?yàn)樵虑虻闹亓χ挥械厍虻牧种?,所以在月球上一跳就要比地球上要跳得有六倍高、六倍遠(yuǎn),聽上去好象很有道理。我記得自己小時(shí)候在一本少年科普雜志上讀過一篇文章,解釋為什么這種算法是錯(cuò)誤的,可見這是中學(xué)生也能理解的問題,哈姆雷特都是物理學(xué)教授了,居然連這個(gè)問題也想不明白,還做為一大證據(jù)提出來,看來他是走火入魔了。”
一、美國(guó)政府不會(huì)拿信譽(yù)開玩笑
當(dāng)年美國(guó)的宇航員第一次登上月球時(shí),是通過衛(wèi)星向全世界實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播。如果是一次騙局,美國(guó)政府根本不需要冒這么大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播,而只需事后發(fā)一些照片即可。
需知登月的實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播造假,幾乎是不可能的,萬一有個(gè)閃失,美國(guó)政府要承擔(dān)很大后果,而這個(gè)后果會(huì)導(dǎo)致美國(guó)整個(gè)國(guó)家名譽(yù)掃地而一蹶不振,美國(guó)沒有一個(gè)總統(tǒng)敢于這么做,況且也沒有必要。美國(guó)在太空技術(shù)上和蘇聯(lián)爭(zhēng)奪霸權(quán),有必要選擇假登月來冒險(xiǎn)嗎?事隔二十多年,有幾萬工程技術(shù)人員參加的大規(guī)模計(jì)劃,竟無比較多的當(dāng)事者出來指認(rèn)這騙局,在有新聞自由的國(guó)度是難以想象的。
如今,克林頓的性騷擾官司不斷,雖貴為總統(tǒng),但新聞界、司法界一樣對(duì)他糾纏不放。如果登月計(jì)劃是一場(chǎng)騙局的話,全體計(jì)劃參與者的人格都要玩完。而且,事后說出真相并不一定有風(fēng)險(xiǎn),有時(shí)甚至是一本萬利的事。要讓幾萬人守著謊言幾十年,非強(qiáng)權(quán)約束可為。
二、新聞?shì)浾搱?bào)道監(jiān)督相當(dāng)有力
美國(guó)是一個(gè)講究新聞報(bào)道自由的社會(huì)、新聞界有權(quán)力揭發(fā)任何丑聞。假如政府對(duì)公眾有行騙行為,美國(guó)各大電視臺(tái)馬上聘請(qǐng)全世界最權(quán)威的科學(xué)家來制做特別評(píng)論節(jié)目,以揭穿謊言。如果登月計(jì)劃被證實(shí)為騙局的話,相信美國(guó)這些電視臺(tái)會(huì)有行動(dòng)的。
三、揭露證據(jù)還有充分
從幾張照片和錄象來判斷登月計(jì)劃是騙局,和用數(shù)學(xué)歸納法來證明哥德巴赫猜想是一類性質(zhì)的問題。一般來說,美國(guó)宇航局的項(xiàng)目都有成千上萬的學(xué)術(shù)界和工程界的人士參與,并且都會(huì)保持嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)目茖W(xué)研究態(tài)度。欺騙或脅迫他們作假?談何容易!
網(wǎng)友評(píng)論:
從上述有關(guān)“阿波羅登月計(jì)劃”是否是騙局的雙方辯論來看:肯定騙局論者多從科學(xué)分析和邏輯推理的角度來論證自己的觀點(diǎn),而否定騙局論者則多從社會(huì)倫理學(xué)的角度來論證自己的觀點(diǎn)。
更進(jìn)一步地說,肯定騙局論的代表哈姆雷特教授多以科學(xué)實(shí)證的手段來鑒別“阿波羅登月計(jì)劃”的真?zhèn)巍H绻防滋馗鶕?jù)人在月球表面照片上活動(dòng)時(shí)的投射陰影來發(fā)現(xiàn)有關(guān)破綻。
再者,哈姆雷特對(duì)阿波羅14號(hào)飛船登月中的一位宇航員從1米多高的登月梯一跳而下的錄象鏡頭,進(jìn)行精確計(jì)算,發(fā)現(xiàn)那是地球重力場(chǎng)的結(jié)論。就哈姆雷特提出這兩項(xiàng)科學(xué)計(jì)算方法而言,編者是相當(dāng)欽佩的。
然而持否定態(tài)度者卻多以社會(huì)傳言、社會(huì)倫理學(xué)為依據(jù)來支持“阿波羅登月計(jì)劃”確有其事。這顯然不是以一個(gè)科學(xué)工作者嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)求實(shí)的態(tài)度來分析和解釋事件的本質(zhì),由此象方舟子之類的人士大遜色于哈姆雷特。哈姆雷特教授能以科學(xué)求實(shí)的精神來辯別“阿波羅登月計(jì)劃的真?zhèn)巍保欠浅V档萌藗冑澷p和學(xué)習(xí)的,但在這里也必須承認(rèn)哈姆雷特的論據(jù)還有一些不足之處。
科學(xué)是以自然客觀事實(shí)為存在依據(jù)的,科學(xué)家必須求實(shí)。在事實(shí)面前能隨時(shí)否定自己主觀的片面看法,這才是真正的科學(xué)精神。值得編者欣慰的是,哈姆雷特作為一名科學(xué)家,在他身上所體現(xiàn)出來的是這種科學(xué)精神,如他面對(duì)自己論據(jù)中的不足仍然能接受他人的批評(píng)和指證。
編者作為一個(gè)網(wǎng)民,也希望:在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)中,都能樹立起良好的學(xué)術(shù)辯論風(fēng)氣,以此促進(jìn)人們對(duì)大自然的了解,提高人們對(duì)大自然的改造能力。最后,編者鄭重聲明:這場(chǎng)關(guān)于“阿波羅登月計(jì)劃”的大辯論還未有定論,但我們并不能由此而否定人類登月的可能性!
美國(guó)國(guó)家航空和航天博物館有什么樣的歷史?
坐落在華盛頓市獨(dú)立大街上的美國(guó)國(guó)家航空和航天博物館是目前世界上最大的宇宙航行博物館。
該館主要收藏反映美國(guó)航空航天史的飛機(jī)、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、火箭、登月車及著名航空員與宇航員用過的器物。展出各種飛機(jī)300多架、太空飛行器100多種、火箭和導(dǎo)彈50種、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)400多臺(tái)、螺旋槳350副及大量模型。
展品中有1783年孟特戈?duì)柗菩值艹俗w越巴黎上空的氣球復(fù)制品,1896年成功起飛的第一架無人駕駛研究機(jī),1903年由萊特兄弟用金屬線木料手工特制的第一架飛機(jī),1927年第一次橫渡大西洋的航空家查爾斯?林白駕駛的圣路易斯精神號(hào)飛機(jī),第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中德國(guó)制造的第一枚V-2火箭,1957年蘇聯(lián)第一人造衛(wèi)星備用星,1963年創(chuàng)飛行高度紀(jì)錄以火箭發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)為動(dòng)力的X-15型飛機(jī),美國(guó)第一艘載人宇宙飛船友誼-7,飛近金星的水手-2,1969年美國(guó)發(fā)射的阿波羅-11飛船登月艙和3名宇航員乘坐的哥倫比亞指令艙以及自月球帶回的巖石標(biāo)本,1976年維京-1宇宙飛船拍攝的火星特寫鏡頭。還展出了第一、第二兩次世界大戰(zhàn)中使用過的各種型號(hào)的軍用戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)、偵察機(jī)、轟炸機(jī),以及民用航空飛機(jī)、直升飛機(jī)、小型私人飛機(jī)等。
所有這些實(shí)物都給人以身臨其境的特殊感覺,難怪人們把美國(guó)的這個(gè)宇航博物館稱作人類宇航知識(shí)的一個(gè)最大寶庫(kù)。
該館建有一個(gè)400個(gè)座位的寬銀幕立體電影廳,其銀幕有5層樓高,寬33米,放映宇航科學(xué)影片。還有一個(gè)直徑21米的環(huán)形空間館,表演各種天象及宇航景象。
美國(guó)航天航空博物館是目前世界上最大的宇宙航行博物館。圖為館內(nèi)保存的航天飛行器。
關(guān)于《華盛頓國(guó)家航空航天博物館》的介紹到此就結(jié)束了。